Calidad de vida en pacientes atendidos durante la primera fase del tratamiento de ortodoncia / Quality of life in patients treated during the frst phase of orthodontic treatment

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida en pacientes que se encuentran en la primera fase de tratamiento de ortodoncia, ofrecido por un programa de docencia-servicio de educación superior en la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de ortodoncia. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 104 pacientes. Se empleó un cuestionario estructurado de 12 ítems para evaluar información sociodemográfca. Para estudiar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal (CVRSB), la cual fue medida con el OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profle 14) validado en el idioma español y datos clínicos tomados en el momento de la consulta odontológica. Resultados: el promedio de edad de los participantes fue de 25,7 ± 12,1 años, edad mínima de 12 y máxima de 60. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente signifcativas en los mayores de 30 años y con estudios superiores, principalmente en la extensión y la severidad del impacto en la calidad de vida. Respecto al OHIP-14, el mayor impacto lo presentaron aquellos con apiñamiento severo (8,1 RIC=13), mordida borde a borde (8,0 RIC=6) y relación molar clase III (9,0 RIC=10), con diferencias estadísticamente signifcativas. Conclusiones: este estudio permitió evidenciar que, en general, el impacto en la calidad de vida del OHIP-14 en los pacientes fue bueno durante la primera fase del tratamiento y que las diferencias están relacionadas con la edad, nivel de escolaridad y características oclusales, tales como apiñamiento, overbite y relación molar.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with orthodontic treatment in the frst phase of treatment who consult in a higher education teaching-service program in the city of Medellín. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the patients treated in the orthodontic service. The sample consisted of a total of 104 patients. A 12-item structured questionnaire was used with sociodemographic information, regarding quality of life related to oral health (QOLHR), which was measured with the OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profle 14) validated in the Spanish language and clinical data taken at the time of the dental consultation. Results: The average age of the participants was 25.7 ± 12.1 years, with a minimum age of 12 and a maximum of 60. Statistically signifcant diferences were found in those over 30 years of age and with higher education, mainly in the extension and severity of impact on quality of life. Regarding OHIP-14, the greatest impact was presented by those with severe crowding (8.1 IQR=13), edge-to-edge bite (8.0 IQR=6) and class III molar relationship (9.0 IQR=10), with Statistically signifcant diferences. Conclusions: This study made it possible to show that in general the impact of the quality of life of OHIP-14 in patients was good in the frst phase of treatment and that the diferences are related to age, level of education and its dimensions with occlusal characteristics such as such as crowding, overbite and molar relationship of the patients reported during orthodontic treatment.

Caries, maloclusión y caries-maloclusión en adolescentes de 7mo grado

RESUMEN Introducción: las caries dentales y las maloclusiones son preocupaciones para pacientes y profesionales de la estomatología por su incidencia a nivel mundial, por las manifestaciones bucales que desencadenan y por la alteración estética del paciente. Objetivo: identificar la incidencia de caries, maloclusión y caries-maloclusión en adolescentes de 7mo grado de la Escuela Secundaria Básica "XXX Aniversario de la Batalla de Guisa" del municipio Bayamo. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal en los adolescentes de 7mo grado en el período de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018 con un universo de 142 estudiantes. Resultados: se reveló que el sexo masculino tuvo una incidencia de 85,71% de afectación por caries dental, la maloclusión incidió en el 43,10 % en el sexo femenino; la incidencia de caries-maloclusión en la población objeto de estudio, fue de 29,31 % y 27,38 % según el sexo femenino y masculino respectivamente. Conclusiones: se determinó la incidencia de la caries dental, maloclusiones y caries-maloclusión las cuales tuvieron una alta incidencia en la población adolescente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: dental caries and malocclusions are concerns for patients and dental professionals due to their worldwide incidence, due to the oral manifestations that they trigger and due to the aesthetic alteration of the patient. Objective: to identify the incidence of caries, malocclusion and caries-malocclusion in 7th grade adolescents from the Basic Secondary School "XXX Anniversary of the Battle of Guisa" of the Bayamo municipality. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out in the 7th grade adolescents in the period from January 2017 to December 2018 with a universe of 142 students. Results: it was revealed that the male sex had an incidence of 85.71% of affectation by dental caries, the malocclusion affected 43.10% in the female sex; the incidence of caries-malocclusion in the population under study was 29.31% and 27.38% according to the female and male sex, respectively. Conclusions: the incidence of dental caries, malocclusions and caries-malocclusion was determined, which had a high incidence in the adolescent population.

RESUMO Introdução: a cárie e as maloclusões são uma preocupação dos pacientes e profissionais da odontologia devido à sua incidência mundial, pelas manifestações bucais que desencadeiam e pela alteração estética do paciente. Objetivo: identificar a incidência de cárie, má oclusão e má oclusão cárie em adolescentes da 7ª série do Ensino Médio Básico "XXX Aniversário da Batalha de Guisa" do município de Bayamo. Métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva transversal realizada com adolescentes da 7ª série no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018 com um universo de 142 alunos. Resultados: revelou-se que o sexo masculino teve uma incidência de 85,71% de acometimento por cárie dentária, a má oclusão afetou 43,10% no sexo feminino; a incidência de maloclusão cárie na população em estudo foi de 29,31% e 27,38% de acordo com o sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Conclusões: foi determinada a incidência de cárie dentária, maloclusões e má oclusão cárie, as quais tiveram alta incidência na população de adolescentes.

Necesidades de aprendizaje sobre la aplicación del índice de Bolton en residentes de ortodoncia / Learning needs about application of the Bolton Index by orthodontics residents

Introducción: La aplicación y el análisis del índice de Bolton es necesario para establecer un plan de tratamiento correcto en pacientes con maloclusiones dentarias. Los especialistas en formación deben adquirir y aplicar este conocimiento para el desarrollo adecuado de su práctica profesional. Objetivo: Evaluar las necesidades de aprendizaje en residentes de ortodoncia sobre el uso y la interpretación del índice de Bolton y sus factores potencialmente determinantes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo, mediante encuestas anónimas y entrevistas no estructuradas a residentes y profesores del departamento de ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, durante el curso 2017-2018. Resultados: Los residentes encuestados presentaron conocimientos insuficientes sobre el índice de Bolton. Su aplicación no fue sistemática en la educación en el trabajo y las mayores deficiencias se observaron en segundo y tercer años. Los factores potencialmente determinantes revelados resultaron la falta de uniformidad y la exigencia a los estudiantes en la evaluación de los docentes. Conclusiones: Los residentes de ortodoncia deben elevar su nivel de conocimiento sobre el análisis del índice de Bolton e incrementar su aplicación práctica mediante un sistema evaluativo más exigente y metódico(AU)

Introduction: Application and analysis of the Bolton index is necessary to establish a correct treatment plan in patients with dental malocclusions. Training specialists must acquire and apply this knowledge for the proper development of their professional practice. Objective: To assess the learning needs of Orthodontics residents regarding the use and interpretation of the Bolton index and its potentially determining factors. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study with a qualitative-quantitative approach, using anonymous surveys and non-structured interviews with residents and professors of the Department of Orthodontics at the Dental School in Havana, during the academic year 2017-2018. Results: The surveyed residents showed insufficient knowledge about the Bolton index. Its application was not systematic in education at work. The greatest deficiencies were observed in the second and third academic years. The potentially determining factors revealed were lack of uniformity and professors' being demanding for student evaluation. Conclusions: Orthodontics residents should increase their level of knowledge about analysis of the Bolton index and increase its practical application through a more demanding and methodical evaluation system(AU)

Comparison of maxillomandibular asymmetries in adult patients presenting different sagittal jaw relationships

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims at using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to analyze the maxillomandibular characteristics present in adults with mandibular asymmetries and different sagittal jaw relationships. Methods: 360 patients were selected and divided into three groups (Class I, Class II, and Class III), with 120 individuals per group. The groups were then subdivided according to the intensity of lateral deviation of the gnathion point, into: 1) relative symmetry, 2) moderate asymmetry, and 3) severe asymmetry. Three planes of reference were established in the CBCT images and several measurements were taken to compare the bilateral skeletal differences between the intensities of asymmetry for the different sagittal jaw relationships. Results: When the groups were compared by the intensity of asymmetry, significant differences among patients with relative symmetry and moderate to severe asymmetry were found. This was especially noticed for severe asymmetry, suggesting that the deviation of the chin did not constitute the only morphological alteration for these patients, especially because a series of measurements showed significant bilateral differences. When comparing sagittal jaw relationships, the only significant finding was the vertical positioning of the gonion between Class II and III patients with severe asymmetry. Conclusions: When comparing the three sagittal jaw relationships with the same intensity of asymmetry, most maxillofacial aspects were quite similar. The only difference was found for patients with severe asymmetry, as the individuals with Class II showed greater bilateral difference in the vertical positioning of the gonion, when compared to patients with Class III.

RESUMO Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar, por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), as características esqueléticas maxilomandibulares presentes em adultos com diferentes graus de assimetria mandibular e diferentes relações esqueléticas sagitais. Métodos: foram selecionados 360 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em três grupos, com 120 indivíduos cada (Classe I, Classe II e Classe III). Cada grupo foi, ainda, subdividido de acordo com a intensidade do desvio lateral do mento: 1) simetria relativa; 2) assimetria moderada; e 3) assimetria severa. Três planos de referência foram estabelecidos nas imagens de TCFC e várias medidas foram realizadas, sendo comparadas as diferenças esqueléticas bilaterais existentes entre os graus de assimetria em cada grupo, nas diferentes relações esqueléticas sagitais. Resultados: quando comparados os grupos pelos graus de assimetria, existiram diferenças significativas entre pacientes com simetria relativa e pacientes assimétricos, especialmente para a assimetria severa, sugerindo que o desvio do mento não constitui a única alteração morfológica para esses pacientes, especialmente porque uma série de medidas apresentou diferenças bilaterais significativas. Quando comparadas as relações sagitais entre si, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas, exceto para o posicionamento vertical do gônio entre as Classe II e III na assimetria severa. Conclusão: ao comparar a mesma intensidade de assimetria entre as diferentes relações esqueléticas sagitais, pouca diferença pôde ser observada. A única diferença encontrada foi em pacientes com assimetria severa, na qual os indivíduos com Classe II apresentaram maior diferença bilateral no posicionamento vertical do gônio, quando comparados àqueles com Classe III.

Relación entre el Síndrome de clase II división 2 y la disfunción temporomandibular. Artículo de revisión / Relation between the Syndrome type II division 2 malocclusions and the temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Review article

Introducción: Los pacientes con el Síndrome de clase II división 2, además de presentar clínicamente una relación de molares y caninos en disto-oclusión, muestran una retroinclinación de los incisivos centrales superiores con proinclinación de los laterales y sobremordida profunda, lo cual puede llegar a convertirse en un factor de riesgo que provoca disfunción temporomandibular. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el Síndrome de clase II división 2 y la disfunción temporomandibular. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica automatizada en las bases de datos de los sistemas MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari y Google; se utilizó un total de 17 artículos. Desarrollo: Por las características clínicas de la oclusión en los pacientes con este síndrome, el rango de movimiento mandibular está limitado, y produce un efecto traumático que se relaciona con una posición de los cóndilos desplazados hacia atrás e intruidos en la fosa glenoidea. Este desplazamiento más distal produce la presión del espacio retrodiscal ricamente inervado y sería causa de inflamación de los tejidos circundantes y afectación de la función de la articulación por elongación de los ligamentos discales o adelgazamiento del disco que afecta el complejo cóndilo-disco. Conclusiones: Los estudios consultados muestran la relación entre el Síndrome de clase II división 2 y la disfunción temporomandibular, dada las características clínicas presentes en este síndrome, que afectan el funcionamiento de la articulación temporomandibular y que al sobrepasar las capacidades adaptativas del paciente producen la disfunción en la misma(AU)

Introduction: Patients with Syndrome type II division 2 malocclusions, besides presenting a clinically established relationship between molars and canines in a distal occlusion, show a retro-inclination of the upper front teeth with pro-inclination of the lateral incisors and a deep overbite, which can result in a risk factor of temporomandibular dysfunction. Objective: To identify the relationship between Syndrome type II division 2 malocclusions and the temporomandibular dysfunction. Material and Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out through a search of databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari, and Scholar Google. A total of 17 articles were used. Development: Because of the clinical characteristics of the occlusion in the patients with this syndrome, the range of jaw movement is limited, producing a traumatic effect that is related with a position of the condyles displaced backward and with glenoid fossa intrusion. This more distal displacement produces the pressure of the richly innervated retrodiscal tissue, which could be the cause of inflammation of the surrounding tissues and the affectation of the joint function due to an elongation of the discal ligaments or a thinning of the disc affecting the disc-condyle complex. Conclusions: The studies conducted demonstrate the relationship between the Syndrome type II division 2 and the temporomandibular joint dysfunction, given the clinical characteristics that are present in this syndrome, which affect the functioning of the temporomandibular joint, and produce its dysfunction when exceeding the adaptive capacities of the patient(AU)

Características clínicas orales en pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne: estudio descriptivo / Oral characteristics of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): descriptive study

Introducción: En su evolución, la DMD afecta el sistema estomatognático, situación no explorada en nuestro país. Objetivo: Describir características clínicas orales y asociación con edad, en pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en 81 pacientes con DMD del Instituto Teletón Santiago, reclutados desde agosto a noviembre 2017, con consentimiento informado. Se efectuó examen clínico diagnóstico para determinar la presencia de caries clínicas (índice ceod/COPD), índice de higiene (Índice Green y Vermillion Simplificado), presencia de maloclusiones y asociaciones de variables orales con edad. Resultados: 65,4% de los pacientes no presentaban caries ni restauraciones, registrándose un promedio COPD = 1,7 ± 1,2 y ceod= 2,1 ± 1,6. El índice de higiene oral promedio fue de 1,9 ± 0,8 considerado como regular. 67,9% de los pacientes presentaba alguna maloclusión, existiendo una relación esta- dísticamente significativa entre presencia de mordida cruzada y grupo etario (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La menor presencia de caries clínica en pacientes con DMD a lo referido en bibliografía para pacientes sanos, podría atribuirse a los controles periódicos odontológicos otorgados por Instituto Teletón San- tiago. El aumento de las maloclusiones con el avance de la edad, podría ser un indicador del progreso de la enfermedad, ya que los cambios en la función muscular masticatoria son dependientes del tiempo y producen aumento del ancho transversal mandibular originando las maloclusiones más prevalentes como la mordida cruzada y abierta. Palabras clave: Distrofia muscular Duchenne, caries, higiene oral, malo- clusiones.

Oral characteristics of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Descriptive study Introduction: In its evolution, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) affects the stomatognathic system, a condition that has not been studied in our country. Objective: To describe the oral clinical characteristics and age-related association in patients with DMD. Patiens and Method: Cross-sectional des- criptive study including 81 patients with DMD of Instituto Teletón Santiago, recruited from August to November 2017, with informed consent. A diagnostic clinical examination was performed to establish the presence of clinical cavities (DEFT, DMFT index), oral hygiene index (Green and Vermillion, simplified), presence of malocclusions, and age-related associations. Results: 65.4% of patients did not have caries or restorations, showing an average of DMFT = 1.7 ± 1.2, and DEFT= 2.1 ± 1.6. Average oral hygiene index was 1.9 ± 0.8.which is considered regular. 67.9% of the patients had some type of malocclusion, with a statistically significant relation between the presence of cross bite and age group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Lower presence of clinical caries in DMD patients as referred to in bibliography for healthy patients, could be due to periodic dental controls provided by Instituto Teletón Santiago. Increased ca- ses of malocclusions with age may be an indicator of progress of the disease, because changes in the function of mastication muscles are time-dependent, and increase transverse jaw width, causing more prevalent malocclusions such as cross bite and open bite. Key words: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, caries, oral hygiene, malocclu- sions.

Need for orthodontic treatment in a sample of Ecuadorian adolescents from Cojitambo, 2017

Aim: To determine the need for orthodontic treatment in Ecuadorian adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in Cojitambo, 2017. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was made including 140 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, 50% males. For determining the prevalence of malocclusion, a visual clinical examination was performed to obtain the data required using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Results: 37.14% of the adolescents presented a minor malocclusion (without the need for treatment), 20% a definitivemalocclusion (need for elective treatment), 30% a severe malocclusion (highly desirable treatment) and 12.86% a very severe malocclusion (mandatory treatment). No statistically significant differences were found by sex (p =0.53) or by age (p =0.05). Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of adolescents who had a normal occlusion without the need of orthodontic treatment and the ones with the lowest prevalence were adolescents with very severe malocclusion that needed compulsory treatment, without differences by sex or age

Cone-beam computed tomography study of condyle position in high-angle adult female patients with different sagittal skeletal malocclusion / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To measure and compare condyle-related indexes(volume, surface area, anterior space, upper space and posterior space) in adult female patients with different sagittal malocclusions with the aim of providing a reference for clinical treatment. @*Methods @#The CBCT database of Qingdao Stomatology Hospital was searched to identify patients with high-angle adult skeletal malformations with the following classifications: classⅠ(n=30), class Ⅱ(n=30), and class Ⅲ(n=30). The CBCT images associated with the sample population were stored according to DICOM3.0 medical digital image communication standards. Mimics10.01 software was used to read and prepare three-dimensional reconstructions of the condylar, and the above-listed indicators were measured and statistically analyzed. @*Results @# There were no significant differences between the right and left sides among the three groups (P > 0.05). For parameters including condylar anterior joint space and post-joint space, the differences among the three groups were significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in parameters related to condylar articular space between classⅠand class Ⅱ(P > 0.05). The differences between skeletal classesⅠand Ⅲ and between skeletal ClassesⅡ, and Ⅲ were statistically significant (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#Condylar position varies among high-angle adult woman with skeletal malocclusions with different sagittal skeletal patterns.

Morphological changes of dental and basal arch forms in skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusions before and after extraction treatment / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To study the variation of the dental and basal arch forms before and after orthodontic treatment of patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion by tooth extraction.Methods The mandibular dental casts of 25 skeletal class Ⅱ patients were laser scanned before and after treatment.The facial axis (FA) points,which were used to represent the dental arch,and the WALA point,which were used to represent the basal bone,were identified for each tooth from the right first molar to the left first molar.We constructed the curve with points of projection of the FA and WALA point on the reference plane,and compared the curve of dental arch and basal bone before and after treatment.Results The width of anterior middle and posterior of the basal arch increased (0.835± 1.259) mm,(1.700±1.280) mm and (2.170±1.227) mm,respectively.While the dental arch had a wider width (1.110±1.566) mm in posterior segment but a narrower one in anterior (3.345±2.907) mm.Conclusions The width of middle and posterior of basal bone represented by WALA ridge becomes wider after orthodontic treatment with tooth extraction in patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion,while the dental arch turns to a new form,which is more coordinated to the basal bone.

Nuevo aparato ortopédico fijo para el tratamiento de maloclusiones clase II división 1. Reporte de caso / New orthopedic fixed appliance to treat class II, division 1 malocclusions. Case report

Antecedentes: La corrección temprana de las maloclusiones clase II asociadas a retrognatismo mandibular se logra mediante avance mandibular sostenido y continuo que no requiera colaboración del paciente. Objetivo: Describir un caso de maloclusión tratado con un nuevo arco de adelantamiento mandibular fijo (AAMF). Descripción del caso: El AAMF se usó en una paciente de 11 años y 6 meses, clase II esquelética división 1, con retrognatismo mandibular y mordida profunda. Resultados: Al año de tratamiento había cambios estéticos y funcionales. El ángulo ANB disminuyó (6,6° a 5,0°). La longitud efectiva mandibular (Co-Gn) aumentó (96,1 mm a 103,4 mm). La inclinación de incisivos superiores pasó de 28,0° a 28,4°. Los incisivos inferiores se proinclinaron levemente (26,2° a 30,9°). Las cefalometrías después de la fase de ortodoncia mostraron medidas esqueléticas estables: ANB pasó de 5,0° a 5,1° y Co-Gn se mantuvo en 103,4°. Hubo cambios en la posición de los incisivos: superiores retroinclinaron de 28,4° a 22,5° e incisivos inferiores pasaron de 30,9° a 28,2°. Conclusión: El AAMF representa una alternativa de tratamiento en denticiones mixta y permanente temprana: Por ser fijo, permite lograr avance mandibular sostenido y continuo, sin requerir colaboración del paciente, y durante el tiempo necesario para generar cambios. Por la sencillez de su estructura (maxilar cementado solo en los primeros molares maxilares), avanza la mandíbula sin fijarse a ella cada vez que el paciente cierra la boca. Además es sencillo de elaborar, cementar, activar, limpiar y mantener en boca.

Background: Early correction of class II malocclusions associated to mandibular retrognathism is possible through sustained and continuous mandibular advancement that does not require patient collaboration. Purpose: To describe a case of malocclusion treated with a new fixed mandibular advance arch (FMAA). Case description: FMAA was applied to a 11-year-6-month-old skeletal class-II, division-1 girl with mandibular retrognathism and overbite. Results: After one-year treatment, there were functional and esthetic outcomes. ANB angle was reduced from 6.6° to 5.0°. Effective mandibular length (Co-Gn) increased (96.1 mm to 103.4 mm). Upper incisors inclinations went from 28,0° to 28,4°. Lower incisors experienced slight proinclinations (26.2° to 30.9°). Cephalograms after orthodontic treatment showed stable measures: ANB went from 5.0° to 5,1° and Co-Gn remained stable in 103.4°. Upper incisors had retroinclinations from 28.4° to 22.5° and lower incisors went from 30.9° to 28.2°. Conclusion: FMAA is a treatment alternative for mixed and early permanent dentitions for being a fixed appliance, it allows advancing mandible without requiring patient collaboration and during the necessary time to obtain changes. Because of its simple structure (cemented in the maxilla only to first molars), it advances without being fixed to the mandible every time the patient closes the mouth. In addition, it is easy to make, cement, activate, clean, and keep in mouth.

Salud bucal y funcionamiento familiar en personas del municipio Plaza de la Revolución de La Habana, Cuba / Oral Health and Family Functioning among Individuals from the Plaza de la Revolución Municipality of Havana, Cuba

Antecedentes: La familia constituye el espacio por excelencia para el desarrollo de la identidad humana y es el primer grupo de socialización del individuo. En ella la persona adquiere sus primeras experiencias, hábitos, valores y concepciones del mundo, incluyendo la salud. Objetivo: Analizar el estado de salud bucal de las personas en relación con el funcionamiento familiar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 84 sujetos de 20 familias pertenecientes a un consultorio odontológico del municipio Plaza de la Revolución de la ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Los pacientes contestaron encuestas de funcionamiento familiar y hábitos bucales y recibieron evaluación clínica domiciliaria (p=0,05, Chi2). Resultados: Predominó el edentulismo (53,57 %) que fue más común en personas de familias disfuncionales. El 70,24 % tenía mala higiene bucal. La mayoría de quienes tenían buena higiene bucal (88 %) pertenecían a familias funcionales. El 51,19 % se cepillaba los dientes solo dos veces al día, principalmente en aquellos de familias disfuncionales. 22,62 % de las personas informó no consumir alimentos azucarados, la mayoría de ellos de familias funcionales. El 82,05 % acudía al estomatólogo solamente cuando tenía una urgencia y eran todos de familias disfuncionales. Conclusión: El funcionamiento familiar se asoció a la salud bucal de las personas estudiadas. Se recomienda crear programas educativos de salud bucal con un enfoque familiar.

Background: Family is the space par excellence for the development of human identity and is a person's first socialization group. People have their first experiences, habits, values, and world perceptions, including health, within the family core. Purpose: To analyze oral health status of individuals regarding family functioning. Methods: A descriptive study with 84 persons of 20 families who belonged to the dental office of the Plaza de la Revolution municipality in Havana Cuba was carried out. Patients responded family functioning and oral habits surveys and underwent at-home clinical evaluations (p=0.05, Chi2). Results: Edentulism was predominant (53.57 %) mainly among individuals from dysfunctional families. 70.24 % had poor oral hygiene; however, most of those with good oral hygiene (88.00 %) belonged to functional families. 51.19 % only brushed their teeth twice a day, mainly from dysfunctional families. 22.62 % of patients reported not consuming sugary foods, most of whom belonged to functional families. 82.05 % informed seeing the dentist only when they had an dental emergency, all of them from dysfunctional families. Conclusion: Family functioning showed association with oral health status among the individuals studied. It is advisable to create family-focused preventive oral health programs.

Hábitos bucales deformantes y maloclusiones en niños del Policlínico Máximo Gómez / Deforming Oral Habits and Malocclusions in Children of Máximo Gómez Polyclinic

Introducción: los hábitos bucales deformantes obstaculizan en el patrón regular de crecimiento facial y suelen provocar anomalías dentomaxilofaciales. Objetivo: determinar la afectación por hábitos bucales deformantes y las alteraciones oclusales en niños de 0-11 años de edad del Policlínico Máximo Gómez del municipio Holguín. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 132 niños seleccionados por muestreo estratificado a fijación igual, pareado por sexos. Se determinó el grupo de edad y sexo más afectado, dividiéndose en los grupos de edades de 0-4 y 5-11 años de edad. Resultados: el hábito bucal deformante detectado con mayor frecuencia resultó el chupeteo de tete y biberón (69,69%), seguido del empuje lingual (62,87%) y la succión del pulgar u otros dedos (45,45%), en tanto que las alteraciones oclusales en orden decreciente resultaron la distoclusión molar en 54 pacientes para el 40,90%, seguido de la labioversión con diastema (27,27%) y el apiñamiento inferior (25,75%). Se observaron 101 niños (76,51%) con alguna de las alteraciones oclusales estudiadas y el grupo etario de 5-11 años resultó el más afectado. Conclusiones: los hábitos bucales deformantes fueron una práctica muy arraigada en la población infantil, particularmente el chupeteo de tete, biberón y fueron causa de gran número de alteraciones de la oclusión, predominando la distoclusión molar, más frecuentes en el grupo de 5-11 años de edad y el sexo masculino.

Introduction: deforming oral habits interfere in the regular facial growth and usually cause dental and maxillofacial deformities. Objective: to determine the affectation of deforming oral habits and occlusal alterations in children of 0-11 years of aged at Máximo Gómez Policlinic in Holguín municipality. Methods: a descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 132 children selected by stratified sampling to equal, twin fixation by sexes. The most affected group or sex was also determined, dividing them into two groups 0-4 and 5-11 years old according to age. Results: sucking the pacifier and the nursing bottle were the most common habits (69.69%), followed by atypical swallow (62.87%) or sucking the thumb or other fingers (45.45%). Distocclusion molar relationship was observed in 54 patients (40.90%), followed by marked overjet with spaces between teeth (27.27%) and inferior crowding (25.75%). 101 studied children (76.51%) with some of the occlusal alterations were observed and the group of 5-11 years old was the most affected one. Conclusions: deforming oral habits were an strengthen practice in childhood, in particular the sucking of pacifier an the nursing bottle and were the cause a great number of dental malocclusions, being distocclussion malocclusion the most frequent alteration in the age group between 5 - 11 years old more affected age group as well as the male sex.

Mandibular arch orthodontic treatment stability using passive self-ligating and conventional systems in adults: A randomized controlled trial / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the stability of mandibular arch orthodontic treatment outcomes between passive self-ligating and conventional systems during 6 months of retention. METHODS: Fortyseven orthodontic patients with mild to moderate crowding malocclusions not requiring extraction were recruited based on inclusion criteria. Patients (mean age 21.58 ± 2.94 years) were randomized into two groups to receive either passive self-ligating (Damon® 3MX, n = 23) or conventional system (Gemini MBT, n = 24) orthodontic treatment. Direct measurements of the final sample comprising 20 study models per group were performed using a digital caliper at the debonding stage, and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after debonding. Paired t-test, independent t-test, and non-parametric test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A significant increase (p < 0.01) in incisor irregularity was observed in both self-ligating and conventional system groups. A significant reduction (p < 0.01) in second interpremolar width was observed in both groups. Mandibular arch length decreased significantly (p = 0.001) in the conventional system group but not in the self-ligating system group. A similar pattern of stability was observed for intercanine width, first interpremolar width, intermolar width, and arch depth throughout the 6-month retention period after debonding. Comparison of incisor irregularity and arch dimension changes between self-ligating system and conventional system groups during the 6 months were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: The stability of treatment outcomes for mild to moderate crowding malocclusions was similar between the self-ligating system and conventional system during the first 6 months of retention.

Relación de la postura corporal con las maloclusiones en adolescentes de un área de salud / Relationship of the corporal position with malocclusions in adolescents from a health area

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 120 adolescentes de 16 a 18 años de edad, asistidos en la Clínica Estomatológica del Policlínico Docente "José Martí Pérez" de Santiago de Cuba, de septiembre a diciembre del 2015, con vistas a identificar diversas características oclusales y su relación con la postura corporal. En la serie sobresalieron las maloclusiones anteroposteriores, con 53,3 % de sus integrantes, de los cuales un igual porcentaje presentó postura frontal equilibrada y el resto, desequilibrada (21,4 % hacia la derecha y 28,6 % hacia la izquierda). Se concluyó que en los adolescentes examinados predominaban las anomalías de las oclusiones transversales y las alteraciones en los planos frontales; además existieron evidencias suficientes para afirmar que la asociación entre las maloclusiones y la postura corporal era estadísticamente significativa

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 120 adolescents aged 16 to 18, assisted in the Stomatological Clinic of "José Martí Pérez" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from September to December, 2015, aimed at identifying diverse occlusal characteristics and their relationship with the corporal position. In the series the anteroposterior malocclusions prevailed, with 53.3% members, of which an equal percentage presented balanced front posture and the rest, unbalanced position (21.4% toward the right and 28.6% toward the left). It was concluded that in the examined adolescents the anomalies of the cross-sectional occlusions and the alterations in the front planes prevailed; also there were enough evidences to affirm that the association between the malocclusions and the corporal position was statistically significant

Índice de estética dental en adolescentes de una secundaria básica urbana / Dental aesthetics index in adolescents of a urban junior high school

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 490 adolescentes de 12-14 años de edad, estudiantes de la Escuela Secundaria Básica "Orlando Carvajal Colas", atendidos en el Departamento de Estomatología del Policlínico Universitario "Julián Grimau García" en Santiago de Cuba, en el período de marzo del 2015 a igual mes del 2016, a fin de identificar la necesidad de tratamiento ortodóntico en ellos a través del índice de estética dental. En la casuística la mayoría de los adolescentes con maloclusiones correspondieron a las edades de 13 y 14 años (con 34,0 %, respectivamente), sin diferencias significativas en cuanto al sexo, y los principales componentes del índice de estética dental hallados fueron el apiñamiento dentario (25,5 %), el espaciamiento en los segmentos incisales (19,4 %) y el diastema (15,9 %). Se demostró que la mayor cantidad de estudiantes no necesitaban tratamiento ortodóncico alguno o solo requerían un tratamiento menor, puesto que 51,6 % de la serie presentaban maloclusión normal o leve.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 490 adolescents aged 12-14 years, who studied at "Orlando Carvajal Lines" Junior High school, and who were assisted in the Estomatology Department of "Julián Grimau García" University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out in the period of March, 2015 to the same month of 2016, in order to identify the necessity of orthodontic treatment in them through the dental aesthetics index. Most of the adolescents with malocclusions corresponded to the age groups 13 and 14 (with 34.0%, respectively) in this case material, without significant differences as for the sex, and the main components of the dental aesthetics index were the dental crowding (25.5%), the spacing in the incisive segments (19.4%) and the diastema (15.9%). It was demonstrated that the larger quantity in students didn't need any orthodontic treatment or they just required a minor treatment, since 51.6% of the series presented normal or light malocclusion.

Pérdida de la longitud del arco dental en niños de 8 a 11 años / Loss of length of the dental arch in children aged 8 to 11

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal de 332 niños de 8 a 11 años de edad con pérdida no fisiológica del arco dental, atendidos en la Clínica Estomatológica del Policlínico Docente "José Martí Pérez" de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre del 2014 hasta diciembre del 2015, a fin de describir los factores predisponentes a dicha alteración. Los pacientes fueron examinados con ayuda de la luz natural, un pie de rey y un depresor lingual, y los promedios calculados de las longitudes de los arcos dentales superior e inferior resultaron de 31 mm y 29 mm, respectivamente, con una mayor afectación en los niños de 11 años. En la población evaluada predominaron los varones, el factor predisponente mayormente hallado fue la caries interproximal y los valores promedios de longitud más elevados estuvieron en la arcada superior y en las hemiarcadas derechas.

A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study of 332 children aged 8 to 11 with non physiologic loss of the dental arch, assisted in "José Martí Pérez" Teaching Polyclinic Stomatological Clinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from September, 2014 to December, 2015, in order to describe the predisposing factors to this disorder. The patients were examined with the help of the natural light, slide gauge and a lingual depressor, and the calculated averages of the upper and lower dental arches length were 31 mm and 29 mm, respectively, with a higher implication in the 11 years children. In the evaluated population the males prevailed, the mostly found predisposing factor was the interproximal decay and the higher mean length values were in the upper arch and in the right hemiarches.

Evaluación electrofisiológica de los músculos masticatorios en niños sometidos a terapia de ortodoncia con aparatos funcionales y mioterapia / Electrophysiological Evaluation of Masticatory Muscles in Children with Orthodontic Treatment with Functional Appliances and Myotherapy

Introducción: un equilibrio funcional de la musculatura orofacial es fundamental para el mantenimiento de una oclusión equilibrada y puede ser evaluada por medio de electromiografía. Objetivo: evaluar electrofisiológicamente la eficacia de los tratamientos de ortodoncia en niños con maloclusiones. Método: se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, electromiográfico en músculos de la masticación en 10 niños sanos y 30 portadores de maloclusiones, sometidos a tratamiento ortodóncico con aparatos funcionales, mioterapia y combinación de ambos métodos. Los músculos explorados fueron: los temporales, maseteros y orbicular de los labios, en máxima contracción durante los movimientos de oclusión, lateralidad, retrusión, apertura y desviación de la comisura. Los resultados en el examen inicial y a los nueve meses de tratamiento fueron comparados y con los sujetos sanos. Resultados: la variables amplitud media y amplitud de la envolvente presentaron valores significativamente disminuidos (p<0,05) en los registros iniciales de los diferentes grupos de tratamiento en relación con los sujetos sanos. Se observó variaciones favorables en la amplitud del patrón de contracción en los grupos tratados con aparatología funcional aislada o combinada con mioterapia.

Introduction: functional orofacial muscle equilibrium is essential for maintainance of a balanced occlusion and can be evaluated through electromyography. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of electrophysiological orthodontic treatments in children with malocclusions Method: a longitudinal, prospective and electromyographic study of masticatory muscles in 10 healthy children and 30 with malocclusions was conducted. They received orthodontic treatment with functional appliances, myotherapy or combination of both methods. The explored muscles were temporal, masseter and orbicularis oris in maximum contraction during movements of occlusion, laterality, retrusion, opening and deviation of the corner. The results obtained in the initial examination and at the nine months of treatment were compared each other and with healthy subjects. Results: the mean amplitude and Upper Centile Amplitude (UCA) variables had significantly lower values ​​(p <0.05) in the initial records of the different treatment groups compared with healthy subjects. Favorable variation was observed in the amplitude of contraction pattern in treated groups alone or in combination with myotherapy functional appliances. Conclusions: electromyography is useful to assess the degree of rehabilitation of patients with orthodontic treatment, being the use of functional appliances as individual therapy and combined with myotherapy the most effective to improve the muscle contraction pattern and correct dental malocclusions.

The effects of functional appliance and multi-bracket appliance on Class II malocclusion coupled with verti-cal and transversal problems / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the effects of functional appliance and multi-bracket appliance on Angle Class II malocclusions coupled with vertical and transversal problems. Methods:Headgear-activator, Herbst appliance and multi-bracket appliance were used to treat 20 patients with Class II malocclusions coupled with vertical and transversal problems aged from 10 to 15 years. The lateral cephalograms were measured with Winceph 8. 0 software and statistical analysis was carried by SPSS 13. 0 software. Results:The sagi-tal, vertical, transversal problems had mainly been resolved at the end of functional appliance treatment. The SNB were increased( P0. 05). The upper and lower dentition were harmony in sagital, vertical and transversal. Conclusion: Functional appliance combined with multi-bracket appliance can be used effectively and conveniently for the treatment of Class II malocclusions coupled with vertical and transversal prob-lems.

Bolton analysis with malocclusions in Shanghai Fengxian district / 中国基层医药

Objective To measure Bolton index with malocclusions in Shanghai Fengxian district,and ana-lyze the distinction among different malocclusions patients in respect of gengder,age,and different Angle classifica-tion.Methods Measure Bolton index of plaster models of 348 eligible malocclusions patients who were selected ran-domly from Shanghai Fengxian District,and divided them into different groups by gender,age and Angle classification. Then,Bolton overall ratio and Bolton anterior ratio among these groups were analyzed and compared.Results The results showed that there were no significant differences of Bolton analysis in respect of gender or age(all P >0.05). It exsisted obvious differences in anterior ratios among the three Angle malocclusion class(P <0.05).Bolton anterior ratios were (79.88 ±3.15)%,(78.91 ±2.86)% and (80.59 ±1.55)%,mean of Class I and mean of ClassⅢwere bigger than that of Class Ⅱ.Bolton overall ratios of Angle class Ⅰ,classⅡ and class Ⅲ were (79.88 ± 3.15)%,(79.88 ±3.15)% and (79.88 ±3.15)%,and there were no obvious differences in overall ratios among them.Conclusion Bolton index with malocclusions for Shanghai Fengxian District accord with normol Bolton index of our country.Gender and age are not the influencing factors of Bolton index in Fengxian District.Bloton index anomalies are the important fator in malocclusions.We should pay more attention to the Bolton analysis of class Ⅱ malocclusions in clinical practice,and draw up a treatment plan combined with specific classification.